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\u5927\u5bb6\u65b0\u5e74\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5c0f\u67a3\u541b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u4e0a\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u867d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u68c0\u6ce2\u548c\u653e\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f53\u79ef\u5927\u3001\u6545\u969c\u7387\u9ad8\u3001\u5bb9\u6613\u635f\u574f\uff08\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u5b50\uff09\u3001\u53d1\u70ed\u5927\u3001\u80fd\u8017\u9ad8\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
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\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u3001\u7f3a\u70b9\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u5143\u5668\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\uff0c\u652f\u6491\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u957f\u8fdc\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u60f3\u7740\u60f3\u7740\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u76ee\u5149\u653e\u5230\u4e86\u77ff\u77f3\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u2588 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u77ff\u77f3\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u65b0\u5947\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1782\u5e74\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u00b7\u4f0f\u7279<\/strong>\uff08Alessandro Volta\uff09\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u8d28\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u50cf\u91d1\u94f6\u94dc\u94c1\u7b49\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u6781\u6613\u5bfc\u7535\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5bfc\u4f53<\/strong>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e\u5bfc\u4f53\u548c\u7edd\u7f18\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u7f13\u6162\u653e\u7535\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5947\u8469\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f0f\u7279\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201cSemiconducting Nature\u201d<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u201d<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u79f0\u547c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u00b7\u4f0f\u7279<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u6709\u591a\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
1833\u5e74\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\uff08Michael Faraday\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u786b\u5316\u94f6\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u5347\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u7535\u963b\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\uff08\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u70ed\u654f\u7279\u6027\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1839\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u52d2\u5c14\uff08Alexandre Edmond Becquerel\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5149\u7167\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u7684\u4e24\u7aef\u4ea7\u751f\u7535\u52bf\u5dee\uff08\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u5149\u4f0f\u6548\u5e94\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1873\u5e74\uff0c\u5a01\u52d2\u6bd5\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08Willoughby Smith\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5149\u7ebf\u7684\u7167\u5c04\u4e0b\uff0c\u7852\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\uff08\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u5149\u7535\u5bfc\u6548\u5e94\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/section>\n
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1874\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span>\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u52b3\u6069<\/strong>\uff08Karl Ferdinand Braun\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5929\u7136\u77ff\u77f3\uff08\u91d1\u5c5e\u786b\u5316\u7269\uff09\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u5355\u5411\u5bfc\u901a\u7279\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u52b3\u6069<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e03\u52b3\u6069\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8f6c\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u9634\u6781\u5c04\u7ebf\u7ba1\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fCRT\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u663e\u793a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u8d6b\u5179<\/strong>\uff08Heinrich Rudolf Hertz\uff09\u6210\u529f\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e03\u52b3\u6069\u53c8\u8f6c\u56de\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u9a6c\u53ef\u5c3c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5927\u5e45\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u901a\u4fe1\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e861909\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1906\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u683c\u6797\u91cc\u592b\u00b7\u60e0\u7279\u52d2\u00b7\u76ae\u5361\u5fb7<\/strong>\uff08Greenleaf Whittier Pickard\uff09\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u9ec4\u94dc\u77ff\u77f3\u6676\u4f53\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u77ff\u77f3\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668<\/strong>\uff08crystal detector\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u732b\u80e1\u987b\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u201d\uff08\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u6839\u63a2\u9488\uff0c\u5f88\u50cf\u732b\u7684\u80e1\u987b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u540d\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7740\u77ff\u77f3\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\uff0c\u5374\u59cb\u7ec8\u60f3\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u5b83\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u768430\u4f59\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53cd\u590d\u601d\u8003\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u6709\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5355\u5411\u5bfc\u7535\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u6000\u7591\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ce1\u5229\uff08Pauli\uff09<\/strong>\u66fe\u7ecf\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u80ae\u810f\u7684\u70c2\u644a\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u8c01\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5426\u6709\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u2588 <\/strong><\/span>\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u77f3<\/strong><\/span>
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1904\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\uff08\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\uff09\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u77ff\u77f3\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u548c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70ed\u60c5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6709\u4e86\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1928\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b<\/strong>\uff08Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u91d1\u5c5e\u5bfc\u7535\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56fa\u4f53\u80fd\u5e26\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u7535\u573a\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5bfc\u7535\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u7a7a\u7a74\u201d\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\uff08\u5373P\u578b\u5bfc\u7535\uff09\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\uff08\u5373N\u578b\u5bfc\u7535\uff09\u3002\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5947\u5f02\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u201c\u7a7a\u7a74\u201d\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u6240\u5171\u540c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\uff08\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u6280\u672f\u539f\u7406\u540e\u7eed\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u80fd\u5e26\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u56fa\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u7edd\u7f18\u4f53\u3001\u5bfc\u4f53\u3001\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1931\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u900a<\/strong>\uff08Charles Thomson Rees Wilson\uff09\u5728\u80fd\u5e26\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
1939\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u0410.\u0421.\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u592b<\/strong>\uff08\u0410.\u0421.\u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5185\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u83ab\u7279<\/strong>\uff08Nevill Francis Mott\uff09\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u534e\u7279?\u8096\u7279\u57fa<\/strong>\uff08Walter Hermann Schottky\uff09\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u4e3a\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u6dfb\u7816\u52a0\u74e6\u3002\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u592b\u9996\u5148\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\u5c11\u6570\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u8096\u7279\u57fa\u548c\u83ab\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u6269\u6563\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u3002
<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u4f6c\u4eec\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u5927\u53a6\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u5960\u57fa\u5b8c\u6210\u3002
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\u2588<\/span><\/strong><\/span> \u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u2014\u2014\u521b\u9020\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u63a8\u52a8\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u5de5\u827a\u4e5f\u8981\u8ddf\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u77ff\u77f3\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u8bde\u751f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b3e\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u548c\u77ff\u77f3\u7eaf\u5ea6\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u77ff\u77f3\u7eaf\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5c31\u8d8a\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u77ff\u77f3\u6750\u6599\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u786b\u5316\u94c5\u3001\u786b\u5316\u94dc\u3001\u6c27\u5316\u94dc\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u63d0\u7eaf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u63d0\u7eaf\u5de5\u827a\u4e0d\u65ad\u7cbe\u8fdb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u2014\u2014\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u4e0a\u7bc7\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fc7\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fdAT&T\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u4e86\u5efa\u8bbe\u957f\u9014\u7535\u8bdd\u7f51\uff0c\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86\u5fb7\u00b7\u798f\u96f7\u65af\u7279\u7684\u4e09\u6781\u7ba1\u4e13\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u8fd9\u7c7b\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0cAT&T\u57281925\u5e74\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7535\u6c14\uff08Western Electric\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5927\u697c\uff081925\u5e74\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u7d20\u00b7\u5965\u5c14<\/strong>\uff08Russell Shoemaker Ohl\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u63d0\u7eaf\u6676\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u4ee3\u7535\u5b50\u4e8c\u7ea7\u7ba1\u3002\uff08\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u5904\u4e8e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u7f57\u7d20\u00b7\u5965\u5c14\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7535\u6c60\u4e4b\u7236<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5bf9100\u591a\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u7684\u9010\u4e00\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u662f\u5236\u4f5c\u68c0\u6ce2\u5668\u7684\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u6750\u6599\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9a8c\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u540c\u4e8b\u6770\u514b\u00b7\u65af\u5361\u592b<\/strong>\uff08Jack Scaff\uff09\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u4e86\u9ad8\u7eaf\u5ea6\u7684\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u7194\u5408\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u5207\u5272\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u5c06\u8fd9\u5757\u7194\u5408\u4f53\u9001\u5230\u73e0\u5b9d\u5e97\uff0c\u5207\u5272\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u6837\u54c1\u3002\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5757\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u5728\u5149\u7167\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u7aef\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6b63\u6781\uff08positive<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6781\uff08negative\uff09\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u522b\u547d\u540d\u4e3aP\u533a\u548cN\u533a\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53PN\u7ed3\uff08p\u2013n junction\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5965\u5c14\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9707\u60ca\u4e86\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u603b\u76d1\u2014\u2014\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229<\/strong>\uff08Mervin J. Kelly\uff09\u3002
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\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u662f\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u30021917\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u52a0\u5165\u4e86AT&T\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>30\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u7814\u7a76\u9010\u6e10\u8fdb\u5165\u74f6\u9888\u3002<\/span>\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u53d1\u73b0<\/span>\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6676\u4f53\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f71\u54cd\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5965\u5c14\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
1939\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5408\u4f5c\u5bf9\u6297\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5168\u9762\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u5408\u4f5c\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f1935\u5e74\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u96f7\u8fbe\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u96f7\u8fbe\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/section>\n
\u96f7\u8fbe\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u96f7\u8fbe\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u597d\u574f\uff0c\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u662f\u884c\u4e1a\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4fe1\u566a\u6bd4\u5dee\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u53c8\u5bb9\u6613\u574f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5907\u53d7\u519b\u65b9\u7684\u5acc\u5f03\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0cAT&T\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u7535\u6c14\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u63d0\u7eaf\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6676\u4f53\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u4f53\u79ef\u5c0f\u5de7\u3001\u6545\u969c\u7387\u4f4e\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u76df\u519b\u96f7\u8fbe\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5965\u5c14\u7684PN\u7ed3\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u7684\u4f18\u5f02\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u575a\u5b9a\u4e86\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u53d1\u5c55\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002\u4ed6\u6697\u4e0b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u8981\u5e26\u9886\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0call in \u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
1945\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u4e34\u8fd1\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u6218\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5404\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6539\u7ec4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u526f\u603b\u88c1\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6210\u7acb\u4e863\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6309\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c<\/span>\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u5728\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5bfb\u627e\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u6784\u6210\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u6392\u5217\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8bf4\u767d\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u7814\u5236\u6676\u4f53\u4e09\u6781\u7ba1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u548c\u51b6\u91d1\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002\u62c5\u4efb\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7ec4\u957f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6765\u81ea<\/span>\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8096\u514b\u5229<\/strong>\uff08William Shockley\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8096\u514b\u5229<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8096\u514b\u5229\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u4f20\u5947\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed61910\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u751f\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8003\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
1936\u5e74\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u62ff\u5230\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u53d7\u9ed8\u6587\u00b7\u51ef\u5229\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u52a0\u5165<\/span>\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u30021939\u5e74\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u6839\u636e\u83ab\u7279-\u8096\u7279\u57fa\u7684\u6574\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201c\u573a\u6548\u5e94\u201d\u7406\u8bba<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1942\u5e74\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u66fe\u7ecf\u77ed\u6682\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u519b\u961f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6df1\u6c34\u70b8\u5f39\u548c\u96f7\u8fbe\u6295\u5f39\u7784\u51c6\u5668\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7279\u522b\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u66fe\u7ecf\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u653b\u65e5\u672c\u672c\u571f\u7684\u4f24\u4ea1\u8bc4\u4f30\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u65e5\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u4e5f\u95f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6295\u653e\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u5f70\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e13\u95e8\u7ed9\u4ed6\u9881\u53d1\u4e86\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u529f\u52cb\u5956\u7ae0\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e73\u6c11\u6240\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u8363\u8a89\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u8eab\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9664\u4e86\u8096\u514b\u5229\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u4f4d\u5927\u725b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e13\u5bb6\u76ae\u5c14\u900a<\/strong>\uff08G.L.Pearson\uff09\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5409\u5e03\u5c3c<\/strong>\uff08R.B.Gibney\uff09\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u7ebf\u8def\u4e13\u5bb6\u6469\u5c14<\/strong>\uff08H.R.Moore\uff09\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5df4\u4e01<\/strong>\uff08J.Bardeen\uff09\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u987f<\/strong>\uff08Walter H. Brattain\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5bf9\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\uff0c1902\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53a6\u95e8\uff08\u7236\u6bcd\u90fd\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff09\uff0c1903\u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u987f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7845\u548c\u9517\u6676\u4f53\u63d0\u7eaf\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e13\u5bb6\u7f57\u7d20\u00b7\u5965\u5c14<\/strong>\uff08\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\uff09\u548c\u9ad8\u767b\u00b7\u8482\u5c14<\/strong>\uff08Gordon Kidd Teal<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1946\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5df4\u4e01\u57fa\u4e8e\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u573a\u6548\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u8868\u9762\u6001\u201d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u56f0\u6270\u5927\u5bb6\u8bb8\u4e45\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5df4\u4e01<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5df4\u4e01\u548c\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u4e00\u8def\u6478\u7d22\u524d\u8fdb\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6781\u4e3a\u574e\u5777\u66f2\u6298\uff09\u3002\u7ec8\u4e8e\uff0c1947\u5e7412\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u505a\u6210\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e09\u6781\u7ba1\u653e\u5927\u5668<\/strong>\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u975e\u5e38\u5947\u602a\u4e14\u7b80\u964b\u7684\u4e1c\u4e1c\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u9517\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u6309\u637a\u4f4f\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u6fc0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e1d\u4e0d\u82df\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u7535\u538b\u589e\u76ca100\uff0c\u529f\u7387\u589e\u76ca40\uff0c\u7535\u6d41\u635f\u59311\/2.5\u2026\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u76ae\u5c14\u900a\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u548c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u573a\u89c2\u6469\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u522b\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e0a\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u4ee5\u793a\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u547d\u540d\u65f6\uff0c\u5df4\u4e01\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u653e\u5927\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u7535\u963b\u53d8\u6362\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4fe1\u53f7\u4ece\u201c\u4f4e\u7535\u963b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u201d\u5230\u201c\u9ad8\u7535\u963b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u201d\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u53d6\u540d\u4e3atrans-resistor\uff08\u8f6c\u6362\u7535\u963b\uff09\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u7f29\u5199\u4e3atransistor<\/strong>\u3002<\/span>\u6211\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u94b1\u5b66\u68ee\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u540d\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u53d7\u5916\u754c\u56e0\u7d20\uff09\u3002\u5177\u6709\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u53eb\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u3002\u7845\u548c\u9517\uff0c\u662f\u5178\u578b\u4e14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u3001\u4e09\u6781\u7ba1\u3001\u56db\u6781\u7ba1\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u547d\u540d\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\uff08\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\uff09\u3001\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff08\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u3001\u9517\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u2588<\/strong><\/span> \u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u9006\u88ad<\/strong><\/section>\n
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\u8096\u514b\u5229\u662f\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u5df4\u4e01\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u540e\u671f\u5173\u952e\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5df4\u4e01\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ed6\u6043\u624d\u50b2\u7269\uff0c\u813e\u6c14\u53e4\u602a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f85\u540c\u4e8b\u548c\u4e0b\u5c5e\u975e\u5e38\u5c16\u9178\u523b\u8584\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u552f\u6050\u907f\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ca\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u548c\u4ed6\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd9\u4e48\u5dee\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9e\u6ca1\u53c2\u4e0e\u4ec0\u4e48\u56e2\u961f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u7f72\u540d\u8bc9\u6c42\u81ea\u7136\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\uff0c\u8fd8\u5bf9\u8096\u514b\u5229\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u5927\u6253\u51fb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6124\u6012\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u4f60\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e26\u6211\u73a9\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u5c31\u81ea\u5df1\u73a9\u3002\u201d
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\u5df4\u4e01\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e94\u8be5\u53eb\u505a\u70b9\u63a5\u89e6\u5f0f\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1<\/strong>\u3002\u4ece\u4e0b\u56fe\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u964b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u653e\u5927\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u6784\u8106\u5f31\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u9707\u52a8\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6613\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u5546\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8096\u514b\u5229\u770b\u51c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u95ed\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u30021948\u5e741\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u540d\u4e3a\u7ed3\u5f0f\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1<\/strong>\uff08Junction Transistor\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u76846\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u5982\u613f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u53ea\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u4e13\u5229\uff08\u4e13\u5229\u53f7\uff1aUS2569347A\uff09\u3002
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\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8d28\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c1950\u5e74\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u517c\u597d\u53cb\u6469\u6839\u00b7\u65af\u5361\u5e15\u65af<\/strong>\uff08Morgan Sparks<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u9ad8\u767b\u00b7\u8482\u5c14<\/strong>\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u4f7f\u7528\u76f4\u62c9\u6cd5\u5236\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86NPN\u578b\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5b9e\u7269<\/strong>\uff0c\u624d\u7b97\u7ed9\u8096\u514b\u5229\u8bc1\u540d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u624b\u63e1\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u8096\u514b\u5229<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u768411\u6708\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8bba\u8ff0\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u539f\u7406\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u548c\u7a7a\u7a74\u300b\uff0c\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u7ed3\u578b\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1951\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7ed3\u5f0f\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u6307\u6807\u5168\u9762\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u70b9\u63a5\u89e6\u5f0f\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u3002\u8096\u514b\u5229\u5728\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u53d1\u660e\u4e0a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u53ef\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u6280\u672f\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u2588 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u6563\u4f19<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u62e5\u6709\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5b83\u62e5\u6709\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5374\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u4ece\u5b83\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\uff0c\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u7684\u5168\u9762\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fdb\u516550\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e95\u55b7\u671f\u3002\u6676\u4f53\u63d0\u7eaf\u6280\u672f\u3001\u5149\u523b\u6280\u672f\u7b49\u5168\u9762\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u65e5\u65b0\u6708\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u4ea7\u4e1a\u843d\u5730\u65b9\u9762\uff0cAT&T\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u5236\u9020\u90e8\u95e8\u897f\u65b9\u7535\u6c14\u516c\u53f8\u5f88\u5feb\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u91cf\u4ea7\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7535\u8bdd\u8def\u7531\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u7535\u8def\u632f\u8361\u5668\u3001\u52a9\u542c\u5668\u3001\u7535\u89c6\u4fe1\u53f7\u63a5\u6536\u5668\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u5de5\u4eba<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
1953\u5e74\uff0c\u9996\u6279\u7535\u6c60\u5f0f\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6536\u97f3\u673a\u6295\u653e\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u4e0a\u5e02\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u706b\u7206\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1954\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u8ba1\u7b97\u673aTRADIC<\/strong>\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7a7a\u519b\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u529f\u8017\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7100W\uff0c\u4f53\u79ef\u4e0d\u8d851\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u5f53\u5e74\u7684ENIAC\u6709\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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<\/p>\n

\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u8d85\u7ea7\u7535\u8111\u7684TRADIC<\/span><\/p>\n


1954\u52301956\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u7f8e\u56fd\u5171\u9500\u552e\u4e861700\u4e07\u4e2a\u9517\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u548c1100\u4e07\u4e2a\u7845\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u7ea65500\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u62e5\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u8005\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5c06\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e13\u5229\u4e3b\u52a8\u6388\u6743\u7ed9\u5176\u5b83\u5382\u5546\u3002\u8fd9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u540e\u6765\u4e0d\u65ad\u58ee\u5927\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5bb6\u65cf<\/span><\/section>\n
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1956\u5e74\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u3001\u5df4\u4e01\u3001\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u53d1\u660e\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u540c\u65f6\u8363\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e09\u4f4d\u5927\u4f6c\uff0c\u540d\u5782\u9752\u53f2<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u521b\u59cb\u56e2\u961f\u65e9\u5df2\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7814\u5236\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u723d\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u6253\u538b\uff0c\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u987f\u7533\u8bf7\u8c03\u6362\u4e86\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u53bb\u4e86\u522b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1951\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5df4\u4e01\u4ece\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u79bb\u804c\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u6559\u6388\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u8d85\u5bfc\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u53c8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1952\u5e74\uff0c\u9ad8\u767b\u00b7\u8482\u5c14\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5fb7\u5dde\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u8fd9\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u4e3a\u65e5\u540e\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5de8\u5934\u3002
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1954\u5e74\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u5728\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e5f\u5f85\u4e0d\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u8dd1\u5230\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u4e66\u3002\u518d\u540e\u6765\uff0c1956\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6765\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u7684\u5c71\u666f\u57ce\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53ebPalo Alto\u7684\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\uff08\u540e\u6765\u662f\u7845\u8c37\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b0\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8c01\u4e5f\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8096\u514b\u5229\u7684\u8001\u6bdb\u75c5\u53c8\u72af\uff0c\u903c\u8d70\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u516b\u4e2a\u5f92\u5f1f\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u5b64\u5bb6\u5be1\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ed6\u7684\u516b\u4e2a\u5f92\u5f1f\uff0c\u4e5f<\/span>\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u8457\u540d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516b\u53db\u5f92<\/span>\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u201c\u516b\u53db\u5f92\u201d\u51fa\u8d70\u540e<\/span>\u6210\u7acb\u7684<\/span>\u4ed9\u7ae5\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff08Fairchild Semiconductor\uff09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4ea7<\/span>\u4e1a\u7684\u683c\u5c40\uff0c<\/span>\u8fd8<\/span>\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2<\/span>\u7684\u8d70\u5411\u3002<\/span>\uff08<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u8fd9\u91cc\uff1a<\/span>\u4ed9\u7ae5\u4f20\u5947<\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u516b\u53db\u5f92\u201d\uff0c\u82af\u7247\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u516b\u4f4d\u5927\u795e<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6ca1\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u518d\u627e\u673a\u4f1a\u4e13\u95e8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5427\u3002
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\u5185\u5bb9\u6bd4\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u8010\u5fc3\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u4e0b\u671f\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c0f\u67a3\u541b\u5c06\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u8bb2\u8bb2\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def<\/strong>\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u8bfa\u4f0a\u65af\u548c\u57fa\u5c14\u6bd4\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u5927\u6218\u3002\u656c\u8bf7\u5173\u6ce8\uff01<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u2014\u2014 \u5168\u6587\u5b8c \u2014\u2014<\/span><\/section>\n

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